How we work
Check our work. We want you to.
If you're making a decade-long decision on this, you should know exactly what it rests on, where it's weak, and when it was last checked.
The rules
We say what is changing, plainly.
AI has already reached striking performance on bounded reasoning tasks. We don't treat it as distant.
We say what is slowing it, just as plainly.
Validation, liability, trust, regulation, workflow, equity and payment all shape what really happens in care.
We promise no one's job is safe, or doomed.
No "AI-proof" badges and no specialty rankings by invented risk. We don't declare any profession finished.
We keep needs apart from jobs.
Illness, dignity and trust stay with us. The institution, the title and the price of expertise can all change.
We never forecast your salary.
We show dated measurements, the forces that move them, and arithmetic on your own numbers.
We respect you.
No countdowns, no fear and no pressure to give up what you want. Every topic ends with something you can do.
We'll point you away from medical school if that fits better.
Medicine is a mission and an ecosystem, not only an MD or DO.
What the labels mean
They describe the evidence behind one statement. They never say whether a profession is safe.
- Established nowDirectly measured in a defined setting, recently. Read the setting and the limits.
- EmergingReal signals, but incomplete or limited evidence from actual care.
- ContestedCredible sources or measures disagree, and we show the disagreement.
- Plausible scenarioA reasoned what-if that depends on stated assumptions. No probability attached.
- SpeculativePrerequisites, timing and consequences are all uncertain. Common at 20 to 50 years.
- UnknownWe found no reliable evidence yet. That is different from evidence that nothing is happening.
If a review date passes, the page says so and asks you to treat its conclusions as out of date until we recheck them.
How often we review
Every three months
This overview, the scenarios and the income page.
Every month
Headline clinical AI claims.
Every year, or when something material shifts
Career economics, debt and loan rules.
Right away
New outcome trials, major safety failures, new authorizations for autonomous care, shifts in payment or accreditation, and large employment revisions.
A person approves any changed conclusion. AI can help us find and summarize research, but it doesn't publish here on its own.
Every source we rely on
All opened and read on November 6, 2026. We don't publish a figure until we've read it in the original.
- 2026 Physician Survey on Augmented Intelligence (opens in a new tab)
American Medical Association, March 2026. United States. 1,692 physicians, fielded January 15 to February 2, 2026.
Limits: Reports what physicians say, not what happens to patients. The question list changed between waves, so the AMA itself cautions against strict comparison across years.
- Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Medical Devices (opens in a new tab)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Content current as of September 22, 2026. Devices authorized for marketing in the United States.
Limits: Authorized does not mean autonomous, widely used, or proven by randomized trial.
- The 2026 AI Index Report, Chapter 6: Medicine (opens in a new tab)
Stanford HAI, 2026. Global research, with U.S. data on FDA authorizations.
Limits: A summary of studies with different designs. Each headline figure comes from one setup and does not generalize on its own.
- Medical Student Education: Debt, Costs, and Loan Repayment Fact Card for the Class of 2024 (opens in a new tab)
Association of American Medical Colleges, October 2024. U.S. MD graduates. Costs are in-state medians from 94 public and 64 private schools.
Limits: A newer Class of 2026 card exists behind the AAMC store checkout, and we have not read it yet. The repayment examples on this edition predate the 2026 federal loan changes.
- AAMC Analysis: Education Department Final Rule on Student Aid Reforms (opens in a new tab)
Association of American Medical Colleges, Updated July 21, 2026. U.S. federal student loans, under Public Law 119-21.
Limits: A summary, not legal or financial advice. Rules can change, and a borrower's exact position depends on when they first borrowed.
- The Complexities of Physician Supply and Demand: Projections From 2021 to 2036 (opens in a new tab)
Association of American Medical Colleges, March 21, 2024. United States, 2021 to 2036.
Limits: Modeled before today's AI capabilities, and the report calls the effect of new technologies on supply and demand complex and unclear. The AAMC is also an interested party in workforce policy.
- Principles for the Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence in and for Medical Education (opens in a new tab)
Association of American Medical Colleges, Version 2.0, July 31, 2025. U.S. medical education.
Limits: Principles describe intent. They do not show what any one school actually teaches.
- Medicare Physician Updates Compared to Inflation in Practice Costs (2001-2026) (opens in a new tab)
American Medical Association, Updated January 2026. U.S. Medicare physician payment updates, 2001 to 2026.
Limits: From a physician advocacy organization that campaigns on this issue. It measures one payer's rates against practice costs. It is not a measure of what physicians take home.
- Results of the 2026 Main Residency Match (opens in a new tab)
National Resident Matching Program, March 20, 2026. U.S. Main Residency Match, 2026.
Limits: Shows who entered training in one year. It says nothing about what those careers will pay or look like a decade later.
- De Novo DEN180001: IDx-DR (opens in a new tab)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, April 11, 2018. U.S. adults with diabetes and no prior diagnosis of retinopathy, at 10 primary care sites, 819 fully analyzable.
Limits: Screens for one eye disease and refers. It does not treat, and FDA says physicians should review results and advise on referral.
- 2022 Physician Fee Schedule Final Rule, and the 2026 relative value file, CPT 92229 (opens in a new tab)
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, November 19, 2021, values updated August 26, 2026. U.S. Medicare.
Limits: Shows Medicare's price for one test. It says nothing about how often it is used, or about private insurers.
- MASAI randomized trial of AI-supported mammography screening (opens in a new tab)
The Lancet, and Lancet Digital Health, January 31, 2026, with results from March 2025. 105,934 women randomized at four screening sites in southwest Sweden.
Limits: One vendor and one region of one country. Interval cancers were non-inferior, not proven lower. No mortality data in these reports.
- De Novo DEN200080: Paige Prostate (opens in a new tab)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, September 21, 2021. U.S. A reader study of 16 pathologists.
Limits: An aid after a pathologist's first review, for one cancer. FDA says the benefit per patient would likely be substantially lower than per biopsy.
- De Novo DEN230008: DermaSensor (opens in a new tab)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, January 12, 2024. Physicians who are not dermatologists, patients 40 and older, lesions already judged suspicious. Study sites in the U.S. and Australia.
Limits: Not a screening tool and not a sole basis for a decision. Less melanoma data on darker skin, and the study was manufacturer funded.
- SRT-H: step-level autonomous robotic surgery on ex vivo tissue (opens in a new tab)
Science Robotics, July 9, 2025. Eight pig gallbladders outside the body, in a laboratory.
Limits: No living patient, no bleeding and no moving tissue. The authors say a surgeon should always oversee its operation.
- Review of autonomy in robotic surgery (opens in a new tab)
Journal of Surgical Research, November 2, 2026. Clinical robotic surgery, with a focus on colorectal surgery.
Limits: A review's reading of the field, not a regulator's statement. Robots that follow a preplanned path in bone, such as knee implants, are a separate case.
- Randomized trial of a generative AI chatbot for mental health symptoms (Therabot) (opens in a new tab)
NEJM AI, March 27, 2025. 210 U.S. adults with symptoms of depression, anxiety or eating disorder risk.
Limits: Compared with a waitlist, not with human therapy. Short, and run by its developers. It does not show the chatbot can operate unsupervised.
- Digital Health Advisory Committee: generative AI-enabled digital mental health devices (opens in a new tab)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, November 6, 2025. U.S. devices, as of the meeting date.
Limits: A status as of that date, which may have changed. An August 2026 FDA discussion paper asks for input and is not guidance.
- AI regulatory relief pilots, and the Doctronic prescription renewal agreement (opens in a new tab)
Utah Department of Commerce, Undated page, with a letter from April 21, 2026. Utah, for renewals of about 190 existing, non-controlled medicines.
Limits: Contested: 11 of 14 Medical Licensing Board members urged suspension. The listed term ended October 24, 2026 and we could not confirm its status since. Utah says it lacks robust evidence of benefit.
- Occupational Outlook Handbook: Physicians and Surgeons (opens in a new tab)
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Last modified August 27, 2026. United States.
Limits: A median across all ages, regions and employers, before tax. A projection, not a promise. It tells you nothing about one person's income. The outlook text on this page names aging and chronic illness as demand drivers, and does not mention AI.
- Occupational Outlook Handbook: Physician Assistants (opens in a new tab)
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Last modified August 27, 2026. United States.
Limits: A median across all ages, regions and employers, before tax. A projection, not a promise. It tells you nothing about one person's income.
- Occupational Outlook Handbook: Nurse Anesthetists, Nurse Midwives, and Nurse Practitioners (opens in a new tab)
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Last modified October 29, 2026. United States.
Limits: A median across all ages, regions and employers, before tax. A projection, not a promise. It tells you nothing about one person's income.
- Occupational Outlook Handbook: Registered Nurses (opens in a new tab)
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Last modified October 29, 2026. United States.
Limits: A median across all ages, regions and employers, before tax. A projection, not a promise. It tells you nothing about one person's income.
- Occupational Outlook Handbook: Medical Scientists (opens in a new tab)
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Last modified October 29, 2026. United States.
Limits: A median across all ages, regions and employers, before tax. A projection, not a promise. It tells you nothing about one person's income.
- Occupational Outlook Handbook: Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers (opens in a new tab)
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Last modified August 27, 2026. United States.
Limits: A median across all ages, regions and employers, before tax. A projection, not a promise. It tells you nothing about one person's income.
- Occupational Outlook Handbook: Epidemiologists (opens in a new tab)
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Last modified August 27, 2026. United States.
Limits: A median across all ages, regions and employers, before tax. A projection, not a promise. It tells you nothing about one person's income.
What changed
- November 6, 2026First version of the 20 questions, three futures, and the income and careers view. All figures checked against the original sources on this date.
- November 6, 2026Added careers task by task, with FDA, trial and state sources. Replaced four "no evidence" notes with evidence on patient preference, autonomy, surgery and chatbot therapy.
Sources last checked November 6, 2026
Next review by February 6, 2027.
What changed, and how we decideCareer guidance, not medical, legal or financial advice. For a major loan or licensing decision, talk with a qualified professional, and bring your questions from here.
Do you disagree?
If you have counterevidence, or we got something wrong, we want to see it. Don't take our word for any of this.
Send us the evidence