Careers, task by task

Don't ask about the job. Ask about the tasks.

There's no risk score here, because no honest one exists. Instead, 14 routesbroken into the actual work, with what's verified about AI in each task, and a plain "insufficient evidence" where there's nothing solid.

Physician specialties (MD, DO)

Family medicineCollege, four years of medical school, then a residency of 3 or more years$244,180
PediatricsCollege, four years of medical school, then a residency of 3 or more years$210,040
PsychiatryCollege, four years of medical school, then a residency of 3 or more years$281,870
RadiologyCollege, four years of medical school, then a residency of 3 or more years$420,860
PathologyCollege, four years of medical school, then a residency of 3 or more years$312,400
DermatologyCollege, four years of medical school, then a residency of 3 or more years
SurgeryCollege, four years of medical school, then a residency of 3 or more years$414,010
AnesthesiologyCollege, four years of medical school, then a residency of 3 or more years$391,490

Other routes to the same mission

Three selected, the most we compare at once.

Side by side

Not ranked. Which one is better depends on what you want from your work.

	Surgery	Anesthesiology	Biomedical engineer
Training	College, four years of medical school, then a residency of 3 or more years	College, four years of medical school, then a residency of 3 or more years	A bachelor's degree, and often more
Education cost	Median four-year cost of attendance $286,454 public, $390,848 private, in-state, Class of 2025 (AAMC). Your school can differ a lot.	Median four-year cost of attendance $286,454 public, $390,848 private, in-state, Class of 2025 (AAMC). Your school can differ a lot.	Not verified yet. Costs vary widely by program, so compare them directly.
Today's median pay	$414,010	$391,490	$109,370
Projected job growth, 2025 to 2035	4%	Not verified yet	8%
Patient contact	Direct, with intense moments	Direct, brief and high stakes	Little, you build what clinicians use
The work, and AI today	Operating on soft tissueResearch only Bone procedures that follow a set planNarrow use or authorization Deciding whether and how to operateInsufficient evidence Handling complicationsInsufficient evidence Talking with patients and familiesInsufficient evidence	Planning anesthesia for each patientInsufficient evidence Monitoring during surgeryInsufficient evidence Airway and line placementInsufficient evidence Responding to emergenciesInsufficient evidence Calming patients before surgeryInsufficient evidence	Building and validating clinical AI devicesIn real use today Designing hardware and robotsInsufficient evidence Testing for safety and meeting regulationsInsufficient evidence Working with clinicians on what they needInsufficient evidence
Skills that transfer	Anatomy, Team leadership under pressure, Robotics literacy, Decision-making	Physiology, Crisis management, Critical care, Procedural skill	Engineering, Programming, Regulatory knowledge, Entrepreneurship
What nobody has measured	When autonomy might reach living patients, and how safely. BLS has no separate line for general surgeons, so this pay figure is "surgeons, all other".	Verified evidence on closed-loop or automated anesthesia in real care, which we haven't checked yet. How team models with nurse anesthetists change.	How AI coding tools change engineering jobs in this field. How openings of about 1,200 a year may limit entry, compared with far larger clinical fields.

Pay and growth are May 2025 medians and 2025 to 2035 projections from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, a snapshot and not a forecast. Open a route to see the source behind each task.

Test your debt against these

Sources last checked November 6, 2026

Next review by February 6, 2027.

What changed, and how we decide

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